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Cough is a prevalent symptom prompting visits to primary care, respiratory, or allergy specialist clinics.1 Based on duration, cough is classified as acute (<3>8 weeks).2 Several factors contribute to cough reflex hypersensitivity and persistence, including age, sex, comorbidities, viral infections, and exposure to irritants or pollutants.3 Evaluation begins with a detailed clinical history focusing on cough characteristics and a physical examination. Sputum characteristics are crucial in diagnosing cough and underlying respiratory conditions, along with chest X-ray, CT scan, PFT, provocation test, CRP, and IgE levels. Treatment options for cough include antitussives, expectorants, mucolytics, antibiotics, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antihistamines, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), neuromodulators, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. The Indian Medical Association (IMA) recommends using CDSCO-approved combinations for cough treatment, such as Bromhexine + Guaifenesin + Terbutaline and Levosalbutamol + Ambroxol + Guaifenesin.4
Cough is a prevalent symptom prompting visits to primary care, respiratory, or allergy specialist clinics.1 Based on duration, cough is classified as acute (<3>8 weeks).2 Several factors contribute to cough reflex hypersensitivity and persistence, including age, sex, comorbidities, viral infections, and exposure to irritants or pollutants.3 Evaluation begins with a detailed clinical history focusing on cough characteristics and a physical examination. Sputum characteristics are crucial in diagnosing cough and underlying respiratory conditions, along with chest X-ray, CT scan, PFT, provocation test, CRP, and IgE levels. Treatment options for cough include antitussives, expectorants, mucolytics, antibiotics, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antihistamines, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), neuromodulators, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. The Indian Medical Association (IMA) recommends using CDSCO-approved combinations for cough treatment, such as Bromhexine + Guaifenesin + Terbutaline and Levosalbutamol + Ambroxol + Guaifenesin.4
Cough is a common respiratory issue in children, typically resolving within 1–3 weeks. Causes include asthma, allergies, pertussis, foreign body aspiration, etc. A typical cough consists of four respiratory phases (inspiratory, compression, expiratory, and relaxation).1 Assessment of cough includes methods like visual analogue scales, cough symptom scores, and quality-of-life questionnaires, whereas chronic cough may require chest X-ray and pulmonary function tests. The clinical cues for describing cough comprise frequency, wet or dry nature, timing, and accompanying features. Referral criteria for severe cases include red flag features, such as systemic illness, respiratory distress, hemoptysis, and altered consciousness.2 Diagnostic workup for chronic productive purulent cough involves HRCT scan, bronchoscopy, and swallowing evaluation. Therapeutic strategies primarily address the underlying cause of cough, but symptomatic approaches are often necessary. Effective medications for cough include mucolytics such as Ambroxol, expectorants like Guaifenesin and Potassium iodide, Levodropropizine, local anaesthetics, Caramiphen, Carbetapentane or Pentoxyverine, and Levocloperastine. Recent studies indicate that Gefapixant, a selective antagonist of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors, has shown promise in treating chronic cough.3
Cough is a common respiratory issue in children, typically resolving within 1–3 weeks. Causes include asthma, allergies, pertussis, foreign body aspiration, etc. A typical cough consists of four respiratory phases (inspiratory, compression, expiratory, and relaxation).1 Assessment of cough includes methods like visual analogue scales, cough symptom scores, and quality-of-life questionnaires, whereas chronic cough may require chest X-ray and pulmonary function tests. The clinical cues for describing cough comprise frequency, wet or dry nature, timing, and accompanying features. Referral criteria for severe cases include red flag features, such as systemic illness, respiratory distress, hemoptysis, and altered consciousness.2 Diagnostic workup for chronic productive purulent cough involves HRCT scan, bronchoscopy, and swallowing evaluation. Therapeutic strategies primarily address the underlying cause of cough, but symptomatic approaches are often necessary. Effective medications for cough include mucolytics such as Ambroxol, expectorants like Guaifenesin and Potassium iodide, Levodropropizine, local anaesthetics, Caramiphen, Carbetapentane or Pentoxyverine, and Levocloperastine. Recent studies indicate that Gefapixant, a selective antagonist of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors, has shown promise in treating chronic cough.3
Cough is a common respiratory issue in children, typically resolving within 1–3 weeks. Causes include asthma, allergies, pertussis, foreign body aspiration, etc. A typical cough consists of four respiratory phases (inspiratory, compression, expiratory, and relaxation).1 Assessment of cough includes methods like visual analogue scales, cough symptom scores, and quality-of-life questionnaires, whereas chronic cough may require chest X-ray and pulmonary function tests. The clinical cues for describing cough comprise frequency, wet or dry nature, timing, and accompanying features. Referral criteria for severe cases include red flag features, such as systemic illness, respiratory distress, hemoptysis, and altered consciousness.2 Diagnostic workup for chronic productive purulent cough involves HRCT scan, bronchoscopy, and swallowing evaluation. Therapeutic strategies primarily address the underlying cause of cough, but symptomatic approaches are often necessary. Effective medications for cough include mucolytics such as Ambroxol, expectorants like Guaifenesin and Potassium iodide, Levodropropizine, local anaesthetics, Caramiphen, Carbetapentane or Pentoxyverine, and Levocloperastine. Recent studies indicate that Gefapixant, a selective antagonist of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors, has shown promise in treating chronic cough.3
Cough guidelines provide varying definitions for paediatric cough, categorising acute paediatric cough as lasting less than 2–3 weeks, and chronic paediatric cough as having a longer duration. An acute cough is most commonly caused by a viral upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), but other causes include inhaled foreign bodies, seasonal allergic rhinitis, or the initial presentation of a chronic disease. Chronic cough is most often caused by acute viral RTI but can also stem from bacterial infections, allergies, and asthma.1 Initial evaluation involves a thorough clinical history, targeted physical examination, chest radiography (CXR), and spirometry, which can be performed in children aged five and older. Cough due to URTI typically resolves spontaneously without treatment. Treatment options include inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and bronchodilators, ensuring correct inhalation techniques. Persistent bacterial bronchitis typically requires oral antibiotics.2
Cough is a common respiratory issue in children, typically resolving within 1–3 weeks. Causes include asthma, allergies, pertussis, foreign body aspiration, etc. A typical cough consists of four respiratory phases (inspiratory, compression, expiratory, and relaxation).1 Assessment of cough includes methods like visual analogue scales, cough symptom scores, and quality-of-life questionnaires, whereas chronic cough may require chest X-ray and pulmonary function tests. The clinical cues for describing cough comprise frequency, wet or dry nature, timing, and accompanying features. Referral criteria for severe cases include red flag features, such as systemic illness, respiratory distress, hemoptysis, and altered consciousness.2 Diagnostic workup for chronic productive purulent cough involves HRCT scan, bronchoscopy, and swallowing evaluation. Therapeutic strategies primarily address the underlying cause of cough, but symptomatic approaches are often necessary. Effective medications for cough include mucolytics such as Ambroxol, expectorants like Guaifenesin and Potassium iodide, Levodropropizine, local anaesthetics, Caramiphen, Carbetapentane or Pentoxyverine, and Levocloperastine. Recent studies indicate that Gefapixant, a selective antagonist of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors, has shown promise in treating chronic cough.3
Coughing is a complex reflex involving muscles and neural pathways. While typically a healthy response, persistent or chronic coughing can signal underlying health issues.1 Cough is categorised into acute, subacute, and chronic types based on symptom duration. Initial evaluation in children includes thorough history, physical examination, chest X-ray, and spirometry. Referral to specialists is necessary for persistent chronic cough with red-flag symptoms like choking or recurrent infections.2 Management focuses on treating the underlying cause; for instance, antibiotics for protracted bacterial bronchitis and inhaled medications for asthma. Paediatric guidelines do not recommend over-the-counter medicines (including antitussives, expectorants, mucolytics, and antihistamines) for acute cough due to insufficient evidence of effectiveness.3
Cough is a common respiratory issue in children, typically resolving within 1–3 weeks. Causes include asthma, allergies, pertussis, foreign body aspiration, etc. A typical cough consists of four respiratory phases (inspiratory, compression, expiratory, and relaxation).1 Assessment of cough includes methods like visual analogue scales, cough symptom scores, and quality-of-life questionnaires, whereas chronic cough may require chest X-ray and pulmonary function tests. The clinical cues for describing cough comprise frequency, wet or dry nature, timing, and accompanying features. Referral criteria for severe cases include red flag features, such as systemic illness, respiratory distress, hemoptysis, and altered consciousness.2 Diagnostic workup for chronic productive purulent cough involves HRCT scan, bronchoscopy, and swallowing evaluation. Therapeutic strategies primarily address the underlying cause of cough, but symptomatic approaches are often necessary. Effective medications for cough include mucolytics such as Ambroxol, expectorants like Guaifenesin and Potassium iodide, Levodropropizine, local anaesthetics, Caramiphen, Carbetapentane or Pentoxyverine, and Levocloperastine. Recent studies indicate that Gefapixant, a selective antagonist of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors, has shown promise in treating chronic cough.3
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing condition with diverse clinical manifestations that reflect its complex nature.1 Lesions are traditionally categorised as "acute" with oozing and erythema, or "chronic" characterised by xerosis and lichenification. The symptoms arise from complex pathophysiological processes involving molecular pathways and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-31, IL-1, IL-2, TNF-a, and IL-6.2 AD presents differently in adults compared to children, but shares core features like flexural lesions, atopy, and xerosis.3 There is no definitive laboratory test for AD. While patch testing for contact dermatitis, bacterial culture for impetigo, microscopy for tinea and scabies diagnosis, and biopsy with laboratory techniques like cell flow cytometry for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) can assist, clinical signs remain the primary basis for diagnosis in most cases.4 Treatment options include topical therapies such as emollients, corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, Crisaborole, and Delgocitinib, as well as systemic treatments like corticosteroids, Cyclosporine A, Azathioprine, Mycophenolate mofetil, Methotrexate, Dupilumab, and oral JAK-inhibitors.5
Coughing is a complex reflex involving muscles and neural pathways. While typically a healthy response, persistent or chronic coughing can signal underlying health issues.1 Cough is categorised into acute, subacute, and chronic types based on symptom duration. Initial evaluation in children includes thorough history, physical examination, chest X-ray, and spirometry. Referral to specialists is necessary for persistent chronic cough with red-flag symptoms like choking or recurrent infections.2 Management focuses on treating the underlying cause; for instance, antibiotics for protracted bacterial bronchitis and inhaled medications for asthma. Paediatric guidelines do not recommend over-the-counter medicines (including antitussives, expectorants, mucolytics, and antihistamines) for acute cough due to insufficient evidence of effectiveness.3
Cough serves as a crucial protective reflex that prevents aspiration and aids in clearing the airways. However, when persistently excessive, it becomes a prevalent and debilitating complaint in clinical settings.1 The session conducted by the esteemed speaker elucidated the art of comprehensive history-taking in diagnosing cough, emphasising essential guidelines and key information acquisition from patients diagnosing a cough. The discussion covered the characterisation of sputum, potential triggers of chronic cough, and the influence of seasonal and postural variations on cough development. Distinguishing between dry and productive coughs, the session highlighted common causes and presentations in both adults and children, along with diagnostic algorithms for acute, subacute, and chronic coughs. Case-based scenarios were analysed to enhance practical understanding among clinicians. Recommendations underscored the sequential approach of history-taking, physical examination,2 chest radiography, and spirometry to accurately diagnose cough, advocating for thorough assessment and attentive listening as pivotal practices in clinical evaluation.
Cough is a common respiratory issue in children, typically resolving within 1–3 weeks. Causes include asthma, allergies, pertussis, foreign body aspiration, etc. A typical cough consists of four respiratory phases (inspiratory, compression, expiratory, and relaxation).1 Assessment of cough includes methods like visual analogue scales, cough symptom scores, and quality-of-life questionnaires, whereas chronic cough may require chest X-ray and pulmonary function tests. The clinical cues for describing cough comprise frequency, wet or dry nature, timing, and accompanying features. Referral criteria for severe cases include red flag features, such as systemic illness, respiratory distress, hemoptysis, and altered consciousness.2 Diagnostic workup for chronic productive purulent cough involves HRCT scan, bronchoscopy, and swallowing evaluation. Therapeutic strategies primarily address the underlying cause of cough, but symptomatic approaches are often necessary. Effective medications for cough include mucolytics such as Ambroxol, expectorants like Guaifenesin and Potassium iodide, Levodropropizine, local anaesthetics, Caramiphen, Carbetapentane or Pentoxyverine, and Levocloperastine. Recent studies indicate that Gefapixant, a selective antagonist of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors, has shown promise in treating chronic cough.3
Cough is a common respiratory issue in children, typically resolving within 1–3 weeks. Causes include asthma, allergies, pertussis, foreign body aspiration, etc. A typical cough consists of four respiratory phases (inspiratory, compression, expiratory, and relaxation).1 Assessment of cough includes methods like visual analogue scales, cough symptom scores, and quality-of-life questionnaires, whereas chronic cough may require chest X-ray and pulmonary function tests. The clinical cues for describing cough comprise frequency, wet or dry nature, timing, and accompanying features. Referral criteria for severe cases include red flag features, such as systemic illness, respiratory distress, hemoptysis, and altered consciousness.2 Diagnostic workup for chronic productive purulent cough involves HRCT scan, bronchoscopy, and swallowing evaluation. Therapeutic strategies primarily address the underlying cause of cough, but symptomatic approaches are often necessary. Effective medications for cough include mucolytics such as Ambroxol, expectorants like Guaifenesin and Potassium iodide, Levodropropizine, local anaesthetics, Caramiphen, Carbetapentane or Pentoxyverine, and Levocloperastine. Recent studies indicate that Gefapixant, a selective antagonist of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors, has shown promise in treating chronic cough.3
"Cough is a common symptom in both children and adults, often indicating a serious underlying condition. Malnutrition is an emerging concern in children with chronic respiratory diseases that require treatment. Several dietary factors, such as maternal and infant diet composition, nutrient status [particularly vitamin D (400 IU) and omega-3 fatty acids], breastfeeding, the use of hydrolysed milk formulae, and the timing of introducing complementary foods, are potential targets for preventing childhood-onset asthma. Diet during the critical periods of pregnancy and lactation can influence the risk of asthma in children. A Mediterranean diet is associated with a reduced risk of asthma or wheezing in children. Vitamins D, A, and E have known immunomodulatory properties.1 Dehydration can increase the prevalence and duration of a cough in asthmatic children. Therefore, encouraging adequate daily water intake is essential for managing their cough. The management of cough should prioritise identifying its underlying cause to ensure an accurate diagnosis.2"
Coughing is a complex reflex involving muscles and neural pathways. While typically a healthy response, persistent or chronic coughing can signal underlying health issues.1 Cough is categorised into acute, subacute, and chronic types based on symptom duration. Initial evaluation in children includes thorough history, physical examination, chest X-ray, and spirometry. Referral to specialists is necessary for persistent chronic cough with red-flag symptoms like choking or recurrent infections.2 Management focuses on treating the underlying cause; for instance, antibiotics for protracted bacterial bronchitis and inhaled medications for asthma. Paediatric guidelines do not recommend over-the-counter medicines (including antitussives, expectorants, mucolytics, and antihistamines) for acute cough due to insufficient evidence of effectiveness.3
Cough is a common respiratory issue in children, typically resolving within 1–3 weeks. Causes include asthma, allergies, pertussis, foreign body aspiration, etc. A typical cough consists of four respiratory phases (inspiratory, compression, expiratory, and relaxation).1 Assessment of cough includes methods like visual analogue scales, cough symptom scores, and quality-of-life questionnaires, whereas chronic cough may require chest X-ray and pulmonary function tests. The clinical cues for describing cough comprise frequency, wet or dry nature, timing, and accompanying features. Referral criteria for severe cases include red flag features, such as systemic illness, respiratory distress, hemoptysis, and altered consciousness.2 Diagnostic workup for chronic productive purulent cough involves HRCT scan, bronchoscopy, and swallowing evaluation. Therapeutic strategies primarily address the underlying cause of cough, but symptomatic approaches are often necessary. Effective medications for cough include mucolytics such as Ambroxol, expectorants like Guaifenesin and Potassium iodide, Levodropropizine, local anaesthetics, Caramiphen, Carbetapentane or Pentoxyverine, and Levocloperastine. Recent studies indicate that Gefapixant, a selective antagonist of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors, has shown promise in treating chronic cough.3
Cough is a common respiratory issue in children, typically resolving within 1–3 weeks. Causes include asthma, allergies, pertussis, foreign body aspiration, etc. A typical cough consists of four respiratory phases (inspiratory, compression, expiratory, and relaxation).1 Assessment of cough includes methods like visual analogue scales, cough symptom scores, and quality-of-life questionnaires, whereas chronic cough may require chest X-ray and pulmonary function tests. The clinical cues for describing cough comprise frequency, wet or dry nature, timing, and accompanying features. Referral criteria for severe cases include red flag features, such as systemic illness, respiratory distress, hemoptysis, and altered consciousness.2 Diagnostic workup for chronic productive purulent cough involves HRCT scan, bronchoscopy, and swallowing evaluation. Therapeutic strategies primarily address the underlying cause of cough, but symptomatic approaches are often necessary. Effective medications for cough include mucolytics such as Ambroxol, expectorants like Guaifenesin and Potassium iodide, Levodropropizine, local anaesthetics, Caramiphen, Carbetapentane or Pentoxyverine, and Levocloperastine. Recent studies indicate that Gefapixant, a selective antagonist of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors, has shown promise in treating chronic cough.3
Coughing is a complex reflex involving muscles and neural pathways. While typically a healthy response, persistent or chronic coughing can signal underlying health issues.1 Cough is categorised into acute, subacute, and chronic types based on symptom duration. Initial evaluation in children includes thorough history, physical examination, chest X-ray, and spirometry. Referral to specialists is necessary for persistent chronic cough with red-flag symptoms like choking or recurrent infections.2 Management focuses on treating the underlying cause; for instance, antibiotics for protracted bacterial bronchitis and inhaled medications for asthma. Paediatric guidelines do not recommend over-the-counter medicines (including antitussives, expectorants, mucolytics, and antihistamines) for acute cough due to insufficient evidence of effectiveness.3
Cough is a prevalent symptom prompting visits to primary care, respiratory, or allergy specialist clinics.1 Based on duration, cough is classified as acute (<3>8 weeks).2 Several factors contribute to cough reflex hypersensitivity and persistence, including age, sex, comorbidities, viral infections, and exposure to irritants or pollutants.3 Evaluation begins with a detailed clinical history focusing on cough characteristics and a physical examination. Sputum characteristics are crucial in diagnosing cough and underlying respiratory conditions, along with chest X-ray, CT scan, PFT, provocation test, CRP, and IgE levels. Treatment options for cough include antitussives, expectorants, mucolytics, antibiotics, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antihistamines, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), neuromodulators, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. The Indian Medical Association (IMA) recommends using CDSCO-approved combinations for cough treatment, such as Bromhexine + Guaifenesin + Terbutaline and Levosalbutamol + Ambroxol + Guaifenesin.4
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